The systematic review of climate change and the spatiotemporal distributions of VBDs in Nepal and comparison of the results with those of other studies from the Hindu-Kush Himalayan (HKH) region show a consistent trend of VBD expansion in the HKH region . Over the last decade, the distribution of these diseases and their vectors, which were previously believed to be confined to tropical and sub-tropical regions, is now observed to extend to the hills and mountains of the HKH region